Understanding vertebrate middle ear development
نویسنده
چکیده
1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Morphology 3.1. Amphibian morphology 3.2. Reptile morphology 3.3. Avian morphology 3.4. Mammalian morphology 4. Neural crest origin of the skeletal elements 5. Signal mechanisms patterning neural crest contributions 6. Mesenchymal condensation 7. Chondrogenesis and osteogenesis 8. Skeletal elements: ossicles 8.1. Columella 8.2. Mouse ossicles – malleus 8.3. Incus 8.4. Stapes 8.5. Tympanic ring and gonial bone 8.6. Otic capsule 9. Other components of the middle ear 9.1 Tympanic membrane and external auditory meatus 9.2. Middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube 9.3. Muscles and Nerves 9.4. Joint formation 10. Conclusions 11. Acknowledgements 12. References
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