Conditions and consequences of maintenance rehearsal.

The present experiments investigated the idea that the anticipated delay to initial recall governs whether a subject will rely on elaborative or maintenance rehearsal. In agreement with earlier research, the results suggested that maintenance rehearsal is used only when words can be rehearsed up to the moment of recall. A novel finding concerned the accessibility of the items processed in that way. When subjects were explicitly asked to recall those items first in final free recall, they were as likely to be recalled as items that had been processed elaboratively. This finding suggests that even rote rehearsal creates an accessible memory trace, albeit one that is most efficiently accessed by contextual rather than semantic cues.