Evidence for catastrophic volcanic debris flows in Pemberton Valley, British Columbia
نویسندگان
چکیده
The Mount Meager volcanic complex in southern British Columbia is snow and ice covered and has steep glaciated and unstable slopes of hydrothermally altered volcanic deposits. Three large-volume (>108 m3) volcanic debris flow deposits derived from the Mount Meager volcanic complex have been identified. The volcanic debris flows travelled at least 30 km downstream from the volcanic complex and inundated now populated areas of Pemberton Valley. Clay content and mineralogy of the deposits indicate that the volcanic debris flows were clay-rich (5%–7% clay in the matrix) and derived from hydrothermally altered volcanic material. The youngest volcanic debris flow deposit is interpreted to be associated with the last known volcanic eruption, 2360 calendar (cal) years BP. The other two debris flows may not have been directly associated with eruptions. Volcanic debris flow hazard inundation maps have been produced using the Geographic Information System (GIS)-based modelling program, LAHARZ. The maps provide estimates of the areas that would be inundated by future moderate to large-magnitude events. Given the available data, the probability of a volcanic debris flow reaching populated areas in Pemberton Valley is 1 in 2400 years. Additional mapping in the source regions is necessary to determine if sufficient material remains on the volcanic edifice to generate future largemagnitude, clay-rich volcanic debris flows. Résumé : Le complexe volcanique du mont Meager dans le sud de la Colombie-Britannique est recouvert de neige et de glace; ses pentes, abruptes, glacées et instables, sont recouvertes de dépôts volcaniques, qui ont subi une altération hydrothermale. Trois importants dépôts (>108 m3) de coulées de débris volcaniques provenant du complexe volcanique du mont Meager ont été identifiés. Les coulées de débris volcaniques ont voyagé au moins 30 km en aval du complexe volcanique et ont recouvert des secteurs maintenant habités de la vallée de Pemberton. La teneur en argile et la minéralogie des dépôts indiquent que les coulées de débris volcaniques étaient riches en argile (5 à 7 % argile dans la matrice) et provenaient de matériel volcanique ayant subi une altération hydrothermale. Les plus jeunes coulées de débris volcaniques seraient associées à la dernière éruption volcanique connue, 2360 années avant le présent. Les deux autres coulées de débris ne sont peut-être pas associées directement avec des éruptions. Des cartes de risque de recouvrement par des coulées de débris volcaniques ont été produites en utilisant le programme de modélisation LAHARZ, lequel est basé sur un système d’information géographique. Les cartes estiment les secteurs qui seraient recouverts par des événements futurs de dimensions modérées à grandes. En se basant sur les données disponibles, la probabilité qu’une coulée de débris volcaniques atteigne les secteurs peuplés de la vallée de Pemberton est d’environ une fois dans 2400 ans. Il faudra de la cartographie supplémentaire dans les régions sources pour déterminer s’il reste suffisamment de matériel sur l’édifice volcanique pour générer, dans l’avenir, de grandes coulées de débris volcaniques
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