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Radio spectroscopy offers a number of tools for studying a large variety of astrophysical phenomena, ranging from stars and their environment to interstellar and intergalactic medium, active galactic nuclei (AGN) and distant quasars. Main targets of extragalactic radio spectroscopy are atomic and molecular material in galaxies, H II regions, and maser emission originating in the dense, circumnu...

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The method to study oscillating potentials of double bars, based on invariant loops, is introduced here in a new way, intended to be more intelligible. Using this method, I show how the orbital structure of a double-barred galaxy (nested bars) changes with the variation of nuclear bar’s pattern speed. Not all pattern speeds are allowed when the inner bar rotates in the same direction as the out...