Where to put the Image in an Image Caption Generator

When a neural language model is used for caption generation, the image information can be fed to the neural network either by directly incorporating it in a recurrent neural network – conditioning the language model by injecting image features – or in a layer following the recurrent neural network – conditioning the language model by merging the image features. While merging implies that visual features are bound at the end of the caption generation process, injecting can bind the visual features at a variety stages. In this paper we empirically show that late binding is superior to early binding in terms of different evaluation metrics. This suggests that the different modalities (visual and linguistic) for caption generation should not be jointly encoded by the RNN; rather, the multimodal integration should be delayed to a subsequent stage. Furthermore, this suggests that recurrent neural networks should not be viewed as actually generating text, but only as encoding it for prediction in a subsequent