Possible involvement of hemolytic activity in the contact-dependent lethal effects of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

We investigated the effects of two strains (SUO-1 and FUK) of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. The SUO-1 strain was highly toxic to rotifers, whereas the FUK strain was less toxic. After 10-hour incubations, the survivorship of rotifers exposed to SUO-1 and FUK was 20% and 95%, respectively. Both the cell-free culture supernatant and the ruptured cell suspension prepared from these strains were not toxic to rotifers. Furthermore, when direct contact between K. mikimotoi and rotifers was interrupted with a cell-impermeable membrane (3-m pores), the toxicity of both the SUO-1 and FUK strains of K. mikimotoi to rotifers were completely inhibited even after a 24-h exposure. Cell suspensions of SUO-1 showed hemolytic activity toward horse erythrocytes, but the FUK strain did not. The cell-free supernatant and the ruptured cell suspension of SUO-1 showed no significant hemolytic activity. These results suggest that this highly toxic strain of K. mikimotoi causes lethality in rotifers by direct contact in which live cell-mediated hemolytic activity might be a contributing factor.