Resin acids in commercial products and the work environment of Swedish wood pellets production Analytical methodology, occurrence and exposure

نویسنده

  • Sara Axelsson
چکیده

The aims of the work this thesis is based upon were to develop convenient analytical procedures for determining resin acids in biological and environmental matrices, and apply them to enhance understanding of the occurrence, exposure to and uptake by exposed individuals of resin acids. Particular focus has been on the workplace environment of the Swedish wood pellets industry. Sample extraction procedures and high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) methodologies were developed that proved suitable for measuring resin acids in dust, skin and urine samples. Chromatographic separation of abietic (AA) and pimaric acid was achieved by using a polar-embedded C12 stationary phase. The developed HPLC/ESI-MS method afforded 10-fold lower detection limits (based on signal/noise ratios) for AA than the standard MDHS 83/2 gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection (GC/FID) methodology. Furthermore, the HPLC/ESI-MS method avoids undesirable oxidation of AA, which was found to occur during the derivatisation step in the GC/FID method, leading to false observations of both AA and the oxidation product 7-oxodehydroabietic acid (7-OXO). Personal exposures to resin acids in the Swedish wood pellet production industry were found to be lower, on average, than the British Occupational Exposure Limit for rosin (50 μg/m). However, air concentrations exceeding the limit were measured in certain areas within the production plants, indicating that the exposure can sometimes be high. The oxidised resin acid 7OXO, was detected in both dust and skin samples. This is of particular health concern as its occurrence indicates the presence of allergenic resin acids. A correlation between air and post-shift urinary concentrations of dehydroabietic acid (DHAA), and interestingly a trend towards an increase in urinary 7OXO during work shifts, were also observed. Whether the increase in 7OXO was due to direct uptake or metabolism of other resin acids cannot be concluded from the results. Hence, for this, more studies are required. In addition, an efficient HPLC/UV methodology was developed for screening commercial products for rosin (and thus resin acids), which could be used in laboratories lacking sophisticated, expensive instruments, such as mass spectrometers. Diode-array detection (DAD) was applied to gain selectivity without the use of MS. Very high concentrations of free resin acids were detected in depilatory wax strips using the method, and AA was detected at high levels in medical tape mounted on paper liner. A particular concern is that when exposed to air, AA is autoxidised to the strong skin allergen 15-hydroperoxy abietic acid. Individuals sensitized to rosin should thus avoid use of such products. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Hartssyror är samlingsnamnet på en grupp ämnen som finns i kådan från barrväxter (till exempel tall och gran). Hartssyrorna är klibbiga och löser olja i vatten, egenskaper som gör att de används i många produkter för både hushåll och industri. De används till lim (bland annat till plåster), färg, lack, produkter för lödning och förekommer naturligt i trä och träbaserade produkter som papper och träpellets. Kolofonium är en produkt som till största delen består av hartssyror, eftersom den utvinns ur kåda. Allergi mot kolofonium är väldigt vanligt och forskningsstudier har visat att det är de ämnen som bildas vid kontakt med luft som är allergiframkallande. Undersökningar av personal som jobbar i olika industrier där kolofonium används har visat på samband mellan användning av kolofonium och påverkan på hälsan som irritation i luftvägar och ögon, astma och eksem. För att studera hur mycket hartssyror som finns i luften på en arbetsplats tas ett prov genom att pumpa luft genom ett filter och sedan mäta mängden uppsamlade hartssyror på filtret. Traditionellt används en teknik kallad gaskromatografi för analysen. Den metoden kräver förbehandling av provet genom omvandling av hartssyrorna med hjälp av reagens. Nackdelar är att reagensen i sig kan vara hälsoskadliga och att provens hållbarhet efter behandling inte är så lång. I denna avhandling presenteras därför analysmetoder baserade på vätskekromatografi vilket inte kräver användning av reagens. Studierna i denna avhandling visar på att hartssyror finns i mätbara halter i träpelletsindustrin, i form av luftburna ämnen, men även på huden och i urinen bland de människor som arbetar där. Hartssyrorna finns också i kosmetiska produkter. I Sverige finns ännu ingen gräns för hur hög halt luftburna hartssyror som får finnas i arbetsmiljön, men det högsta uppmätta värdet i denna undersökning var 75% av den gräns som används i Storbritannien för kolofonium (50 μg/m). De uppmätta urinvärdena är i samma storleksordning som de man funnit i urin från personal i brittiska lödningsindustrin. 1 Gaskromatografi. En analysmetodik som bygger på att ämnen i ett prov har olika kokpunkt. 2 Vätskekromatografi. En analysmetodik som bygger på att ämnen i ett prov har olika löslighet i vatten och olja.

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Variability and determinants of wood dust and resin acid exposure during wood pellet production: measurement strategies and bias in assessing exposure-response relationships.

Production of wood pellets is a relatively new and expanding industry in which the exposure profiles differ from those in other wood-processing industries like carpentries and sawmills where there are lower levels of wood dust. Sixty-eight personal exposure measurements of wood dust (inhalable and total dust) and resin acids were collected for 44 participants at four production plants located i...

متن کامل

The effect of silver nanoparticles on the taste feeding behavior of Acipenser persicus to some Amino acids

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on taste feeding behavior of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) juveniles, including taste palatability index, fishing efficiency and the number of consumed pellets, to some amino acids. Taste Feeding behavior was investigated following exposure to 0.01, 0.005 and 0.001 mg L-1 AgNPs for 21 (each group with 3 re...

متن کامل

Processes of forest products and production costs in Guilan forests, Iran

This research was conducted in the west forest of Guilan, northern Iran. Data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. Results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. Production cost has been investigated in this research. Th...

متن کامل

Personal exposure to wood dust among workers in NekaChoob factory in 2013

Background and Purpose: Inhalation of hardwood dust may produce a range of adverse health effects in the upper and lower respiratory system, including asthma, along with Sino-nasal cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer. This study was carried out to evaluate personal exposure to wood dust among workers in chipboard and furniture production saloons in Neka Choob factory, Iran. Materials a...

متن کامل

Production of Protein-Polysaccharide Fibers Containing Omega-3 Fatty Acids Using Electrospinning Method and Determination of Optimal Process Conditions with Response Surface Methodology

Background and Objectives: Omega-3 fatty acids are very important in the human diet for the prevention of diseases.  Materials & Methods: In the present study, the effect of whey protein concentrate (5, 6.67, 10, 13.33, 15%) and guar gum (0.1, 0.25, 0.55, 0.85, 1%) were evaluated on the qualitative properties of fish oil emulsion and electrospun fibers. Results: Increasing concentration of whey...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:

دوره   شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2012