Killers Heterospecific CD 4 Help to Rescue CD

Celiac CTLs change their stripes

Celiac CTLs change their stripes Gut-resident T cells morph into disease-causing natural killer (NK)like cells during Celiac disease (CD), according to Meresse and colleagues on page 1343. For people with CD, dietary gluten is the enemy. Gluten consumption somehow stresses the epithelial lining of the gut and triggers the activation of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells. CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes ...

Crooked tail (Cd) models human folate-responsive neural tube defects.

Genetic correlation of human neural tube defects (NTDs) with NTD genes identified in mouse may unravel predisposing complex traits for assessment of individual risk and treatment in clinical settings. Folic acid (FA) can reduce the recurrence of NTDs in human populations by as much as 50-70%, though the mechanism of this rescue is unknown. We examined whether Crooked tail ( Cd ), a mouse strain...

Identification of the hammerhead ribozyme metal ion binding site responsible for rescue of the deleterious effect of a cleavage site phosphorothioate.

The hammerhead ribozyme crystal structure identified a specific metal ion binding site referred to as the P9/G10.1 site. Although this metal ion binding site is approximately 20 A away from the cleavage site, its disruption is highly deleterious for catalysis. Additional published results have suggested that the pro-R(P) oxygen at the cleavage site is coordinated by a metal ion in the reaction'...

T Cell Help + CD 4 T Cell Memory Even in the Absence of + CD 8 Programming , Maintenance , and Recall of CD 40 on APCs Is Needed for Optimal Rock

Knock-Down of Cathepsin D Affects the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Impairs Swim-Bladder Ontogenesis and Causes Premature Death in Zebrafish

The lysosomal aspartic protease Cathepsin D (CD) is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic organisms. CD activity is essential to accomplish the acid-dependent extensive or partial proteolysis of protein substrates within endosomal and lysosomal compartments therein delivered via endocytosis, phagocytosis or autophagocytosis. CD may also act at physiological pH on small-size substrates in the cyt...