Middle School Students Want Behavior Commitment Devices (Even When Take-up Does Not Affect Their Behavior)

11 Commitment devices impose costs on one’s future self for failing to follow through on one’s 12 intentions, offer no additional benefit to one’s future self for following through on the intention, and 13 people voluntarily enroll in them. Enrollment in commitment devices reflects self-awareness that one 14 may lack sufficient self-control to fulfill one’s intentions. There is little experimental research on 15 whether school-age children possess the self-awareness necessary to enroll in a commitment device, 16 despite evidence that children and young adolescents have many positive intentions that they fail to 17 live up to, such as demonstrating improved school conduct or eating healthier. We report the first 18 field experiment examining the demand for, and impact of, commitment devices among middle 19 school students. We offered students a commitment device that imposed future costs for failing to 20 improve in-school conduct. When presented with the opportunity to actively opt-in (default not 21 enrolled), over one-third of students elected to enroll. When presented with the opportunity to 22 actively opt-out (default enrolled), more than half elected to remain enrolled, showing that changing 23 default options can increase commitment device enrollment. Despite demand for the self-control 24 strategy, taking-up the commitment device did not affect student behavior. These findings have 25 implications for youth-based behavioral interventions broadly, as well as those focused on eating 26 behaviors. 27