Arctic Tropospheric Winds Derived from TOVS Satellite Retrievals

Accurate three-dimensional wind fields are essential for diagnosing a variety of important climate processes in the Arctic, such as the advection and deposition of heat and moisture, changes in circulation features, and transport of trace constituents. In light of recent studies revealing significant biases in upperlevel winds over the Arctic Ocean from reanalyses, new daily wind fields are generated from 22.5 yr of satellite-retrieved thermal-wind profiles, corrected with a recently developed mass-conservation scheme. Compared to wind measurements from rawinsondes during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) experiment, biases in satellite-retrieved winds are near zero in the meridional direction, versus biases of over 50% for reanalyses. Errors in the zonal component are smaller than those observed in reanalysis winds in the upper troposphere, while in the lower troposphere the effects of Greenland introduce uncertainty in the mass-conservation calculation. Further reduction in error may be achieved by incorporating winds retrieved from feature-tracking techniques using satellite imagers. Overall, satelliteretrieved winds are superior to reanalysis products over the data-sparse Arctic Ocean and provide increased accuracy for analyses requiring wind information. Trends and anomalies for the 22.5-yr record are calculated for both meridional and zonal winds at eight levels between the surface and 300 hPa. Annual mean trends are similar at varying levels, reflecting the relatively barotropic nature of the Arctic troposphere. Zonal winds are more westerly over Eurasia and the western Arctic Ocean, while westerlies have weakened over northern Canada. Combined with the corresponding pattern in meridional winds, these results suggest that the polar vortex has, on average, shifted toward northern Canada. Seasonal trends show that some changes persist throughout the year while others vary in magnitude and sign. Most striking are spring patterns, which differ markedly from the other seasons. Changes in meridional winds are consistent with observed trends in melt-onset date and sea ice concentration in the marginal seas. Anomalies in zonal wind profiles exhibit decadal-scale cyclicity in the eastern Arctic Ocean, while overall shifts in anomaly signs are evident and vary by region. The winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index correlates moderately with meridional wind anomalies in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean: positively (0.48) in the Barents Sea and negatively ( 0.59) in the Lincoln Sea. These observed trends and anomalies are expected to translate to changes in advected heat and moisture into the Arctic basin, which are likely linked to trends in sea ice extent, melt onset, cloud properties, and surface temperature.