Ontogeny of mantle musculature and implications for jet locomotion in oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana.

We examined the relationship between mantle muscle structure and mantle kinematics in an ontogenetic series (5-85 mm dorsal mantle length) of oval squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Thick filament length increased during growth in the mantle muscle fibres that power jet locomotion (i.e. the circular muscles). The thick filament length of both the superficial mitochondria-rich (SMR; analogous to vertebrate red muscle fibres) and central mitochondria-poor (CMP; analogous to vertebrate white muscle fibres) circular muscles increased significantly during ontogeny. Thick filaments in the SMR circular muscle fibres of newly hatched squid (N=5) ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 microm and averaged 1.0 microm, while the thick filaments of the SMR fibres of the largest squids (N=4) studied ranged from 1.2 to 3.4 microm and averaged 1.9 microm. The ontogeny of thick filament length in the CMP circular muscle fibres showed a similar trend. The range for hatchling CMP circular muscles was 0.7-1.4 microm, with an average of 1.0 microm, whereas the range and average for the largest squids studied were 0.9-2.2 microm and 1.5 microm, respectively. Within an individual hatchling, we noted no significant differences between the thick filament lengths of the SMR and CMP fibres. Within an individual juvenile, the thick filaments of the SMR fibres were approximately 25% longer than the CMP fibres. The change in thick filament length may alter the contractile properties of the circular muscles and may also result in a decrease in the rate of mantle contraction during jetting. In escape-jet locomotion, the maximum rate of mantle contraction was highest in newly hatched squid and declined during ontogeny. The maximum rate of mantle contraction varied from 7-13 muscle lengths per second in newly hatched squid (N=14) and from 3-5 muscle lengths per second in the largest squids (N=35) studied.