Army Malaria Institute – its Evolution and Achievements Third Decade ( 2 nd Half ) : 1990 - 1995
نویسندگان
چکیده
The second half of the third decade (1990-1995) after the establishment of the Army Malaria Research Unit was characterised by substantial progress in meeting the challenges posed by drug-resistant malaria. In view of the rapid emergence of drug resistance, laboratory/field studies were carried out to develop novel and improved methods to assess and monitor changes in patterns of parasite susceptibility to antimalarial drugs. The high malaria attack rates observed during training exercises in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1988/1989 underscored the urgent need to provide better protection for soldiers deployed to malarious areas. This led to doxycycline substituting pyrimethamine/dapsone (Maloprim®) for prevention of falciparum malaria, but relapsing vivax malaria remained a problem. Laboratory investigations with tafenoquine indicated that this long-acting drug could eventually replace the cumbersome primaquine eradication course for prevention of vivax malaria. Furthermore, alternative antibiotics and halofantrine might be able to be used for prevention and treatment of falciparum malaria. Other studies showed that, apart from acting synergistically with dapsone, proguanil and PS-15 (experimental antifolate) potentiated the activity of atovaquone (new antimalarial) against drug-resistant parasites. Further investigations with Mannich base compounds revealed some of them to be more potent than amodiaquine or pyronaridine. Personal protection measures against insect bites were expanded by testing the effectiveness of various formulations of insect repellents when applied to skin, uniforms and bednets. After completing the survey of Anopheles farauti in northern Australia during the previous quinquennium, its spatial distribution was analysed in relation to detailed topography and historical climate records. Further anopheline surveys were performed in the Torres Strait and four PNG provinces to enhance future malaria control activities in these areas. Karl H. Rieckmann, Stephen P. Frances, Barbara M. Kotecka, Robert D. Cooper, G. Dennis Shanks, Anthony W. Sweeney, Michael D. Edstein
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