Chap 3 Linear response theory
نویسنده
چکیده
A material would polarize, or carry a current under an external electric field, P = χeE (1) j = σE. If the electric field is not too strong, then the electric susceptibility and the conductivity are independent of the electric field. They only depend on the material properties in the absence of the electric field (in equilibrium). This type of response is called the linear response. The average of an observable (such as the electric polarization) in equilibrium is 〈A〉0 = 1 Z0 ∑
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6.453 Quantum Optical Communication Reading 11
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