Lethal Synergism between Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae
نویسندگان
چکیده
The devastating synergism of bacterial pneumonia with influenza viral infections left its mark on the world over the last century. Although the details of pathogenesis remain unclear, the synergism is related to a variety of factors including pulmonary epithelial barrier damage which exposes receptors that influence bacterial adherence and the triggering of an exaggerated innate immune response and cytokine storm, which further acts to worsen the injury. Several therapeutics and combination therapies of antibiotics, anti-inflammatories including corticosteroids and toll-like receptor modifiers, and anti-virals are being discussed. This mini review summarizes recent developments in unearthing the pathogenesis of the lethal synergism of pneumococcal co-infection following influenza, as well as addresses potential therapeutic options and combinations of therapies currently being evaluated.
منابع مشابه
Dual Acting Neuraminidase Inhibitors Open New Opportunities to Disrupt the Lethal Synergism between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza Virus
Secondary infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae cause severe pneumonia and enhance lethality during influenza epidemics and pandemics. Structural and functional similarities with viral neuraminidase (NA) suggest that the highly prevalent pneumococcal NAs, NanA and NanB, might contribute to this lethal synergism by supporting viral replication and that dual acting NA inhibitors (NAIs) will di...
متن کاملThe dangerous synergism between influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae and innovative perspectives of vaccine prevention.
Secondary bacterial pneumonia, particularly sustained by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp), represents an important cause of excess mortality during both influenza epidemics and pandemics. The lethal synergism between influenza virus and Sp was first suggested by studies performed on samples collected during autopsy from victims of 1918 influenza pandemic, and recently confirmed by data collected d...
متن کاملDiscovery of prenylated flavonoids with dual activity against influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is the primary target for influenza therapeutics. Severe complications are often related to secondary pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci), which also express NAs. Recently, a NA-mediated lethal synergism between influenza A viruses and pneumococci was described. Therefore, dual inhibitors of both viral and bacterial NAs are expected to b...
متن کاملKinetics of Coinfection with Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Secondary bacterial infections are a leading cause of illness and death during epidemic and pandemic influenza. Experimental studies suggest a lethal synergism between influenza and certain bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae, but the precise processes involved are unclear. To address the mechanisms and determine the influences of pathogen dose and strain on disease, we infected gro...
متن کاملComment on: antimicrobial policies in the neonatal units of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.
1. Zhang H. Concerns of using sialidase fusion protein as an experimental drug to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62: 219–23. 2. Nicholls JM, Aschenbrenner LM, Paulson JC et al. Comment on: Concerns of using sialidase fusion protein as an experimental drug to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62: 426–8. 3. McCullers JA, Bar...
متن کامل