Interfacing Friedman and String Cosmologies

Compactification and symmetry breaking events in theories of heterotic superstrings implicitly indicate five inflation events. Scales of 10 ly and larger are modeled in terms of these events. The proposed model accounts qualitatively for recent observations (of galactic clusters that lie on ”thin,.. semispherical shells”) and motivates a calculation that accounts (approximately) for the observed number of galaxies. 1. Five Inflation Events Traditionally it was believed that the distribution of mass-energy was homogeneous and isotropic on scales of 10 light years and larger [J. A. Wheeler, 1974]. In recent years however, the homogeneity of the large-scale distribution has been challenged. After surveying more than 5000 galaxies, J. P. Huchra and M. Geller concluded that ”galactic clusters lie on thin, sharply defined semi-spherical shells that surround vast, empty voids.” They compared these phenomena with the ”bubblelike structures that constitute the foam in a kitchen sink” [J.P. Huchra, 1986]. Thus, while the distribution of mass-energy is isotropic (established by observations indicating that the background radiation is isotropic), it is not homogeneous. These observational results have challenged traditional theories, but it is argued here that they can be understood in terms of a supersymmetric gauge theory that indicates multiple symmetry breaking events: i.e. multiple inflation events. In the theory of superstrings, one avoids anomalies and contradictions if the dimension of spacetime is 10. Moreover, one rids the ground state of tachyons and introduces spacetime supersymmetry through GSO projections. Periodic GSO projections involve Ramon boundary conditions, which produce a Type IIA theory, containing spin-1 fields and fermions. Anti-periodic GSO projections involve Nevu-Schwarz boundary conditions, which produce a Type IIB theory, containing scaler fields and fermions. Neither theory is physical. The first is not chiral and the second contains no gauge fields. One can solve this problem however, by combining the two theories into a mixed or ’heterotic’ theory. One approach to this involves compactification of 16 dimensions from the 26 dimensional bosonic theory, which imposes a symmetry E8XE8 onto the 10-spacetime that corresponds to the heterotic theory. One E8 symmetry characterizes the observable sector while the other characterizes the hidden sector (where coupling with gauge fermions in the observable sector is strictly in terms of supergravity). When 10-spacetime is compactified to produce M4XK6, each E8 is broken to yield SU(5)XSU(3). Guth inflation [A. Guth, 1981] is a theoretical device that maintains large scale flatness by compensating (by rapid expansion) for the fattening of the vacuum that is due to a Higgs event (an event in which Higgs scalers are swallowed by other particles, imparting mass to the latter and therefore breaking the initial symmetry). Clearly however, a Guth inflation event is also called for by a compactification that increases mass-energy density;