Quantization of Adulteration Ratio of Raw Cow Milk by Least Squares Support Vector Machines (LS-SVM) and Visible/Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Raw cow milk has short supply market in summer and over supply in winter, which causes consumers and dairy industry concern about the quality of raw milk whether is adulated with reconstituted milk (powdered milk). This study prepared 307 raw cow milk samples with various adulteration ratios 0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of powdered milk. Least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) was applied to calibrate the prediction model for adulteration ratio. Grid search approach was used to find the better value of network parameters ofand. Results show that R ranges from 0.9662 to 0.9777 for testing data set with plate surface and four concave regions. Scatter plot of testing data showed that adulteration ratio above 10% clearly differs from 0% samples.