Bringing stability to microtubules

T he removal of a single tyrosine residue from the C terminus of ␣-tubulin dramatically affects microtubules and their depolymerizing motors, say < a d d a r t t y p e = " r e l " d o i = " 1 0. 1 0 8 3 / j c b. 2 0 0 9 0 2 1 4 2 " > Peris et al.< / a d d a r t > ␣-tubulin undergoes a cycle of tyrosine removal and readdition, catalyzed by a carboxypeptidase and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL). Microtubules containing detyrosinated ␣-tubulin are more stable, and this modification is often used as a marker to distinguish different populations of microtubules within cells. But removing tyrosine was thought to be a consequence rather than a cause of microtubule stability. Peris et al. examined the cytoskeletal dynamics of cells whose ␣-tubulin is largely detyrosinated because they lack TTL. Microtubules disassembled more slowly in these cells, suggesting that detyrosination actually causes microtubule stability. Detyrosinated microtubules are poor substrates for depolymerizing motor proteins, the team discovered. Kinesin motors such as MCAK take longer to move along the fi lament and disassemble the tubulin subunits. Overexpressing MCAK in cells lacking TTL restored normal microtubule dynamics, whereas removing MCAK from wild-type cells caused microtubules to stabilize as if they were detyrosinated. By showing that the absence of tyrosine reduces the activity of depolymerizing motors, the researchers have answered the conundrum of why stable microtubules are detyrosinated. Senior author Annie Andrieux now wants to solve another long-term mystery by identifying the tubulin caroboxypeptidase responsible for removing tyrosine in the fi rst place. T he cell adhesion protein desmog-lein 1 (Dsg1) has an extra function in suppressing EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling, helping skin cells differentiate into the different layers of the epidermis, report < a d d a r t t y p e = " r e l " d o i = " 1 0. 1 0 8 3 / j c b. 2 0 0 8 0 9 0 4 4 " > Getsios, Simpson, et al.< / a d d a r t > Desmogleins are transmembrane components of desmosomes, which hold epithelial cells together and help them resist mechanical stress by connecting with the intermediate fi lament cytoskeleton. In a multi-layered epithelium such as the epidermis, different desmogleins are expressed in distinct patterns, and may therefore direct …