Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication

The process of domestication involves adaptation, usually to a captive environment. Domestication is attained by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations and Ž . developmental mechanisms e.g., physical maturation, learning triggered by recurring environmental events or management practices in captivity that influence specific biological traits. The transition from free-living to captive status is often accompanied by changes in availability andror accessibility of shelter, space, food and water, and by changes in predation and the social environment. These changes set the stage for the development of the domestic phenotype. Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication is characterized by changes in the quantitative rather than qualitative nature of responses. The hypothesized loss of certain behavior patterns under domestication can usually be explained by the heightening of response thresholds. Increases in response frequency accompanying domestication can often be explained by atypical rates of exposure to certain forms of perceptual and locomotor stimulation. Genetic changes influencing the development of the domestic phenotype result from inbreeding, genetic drift, artificial selection, natural selection in captivity, and relaxed selection. Experiential contributions to the domestic phenotype include the presence or absence of key stimuli, changes in intraspecific aggressive interactions and interactions with humans. Man’s role as a buffer between the animal and its environment is also believed to have an important effect on the development of the domestic phenotype. The domestication process has frequently reduced the sensitivity of animals to changes in their environment, perhaps the single-most important change accompanying domestication. It has also resulted in modified rates of behavioral and physical development. Interest in breeding animals in captivity for release in nature has flourished in recent decades. The capacity of domestic animals to survive and reproduce in nature may depend on the extent to which the gene pool of the population has been altered during the domestication process and flexibility in behavioral development. ‘‘Natural’’ gene pools should be protected when breeding wild animals in captivity for the purpose of reestablishing free-living natural populations. In some ) Tel.: q1-530-752-6789; e-mail: [email protected] 0168-1591r99r$ see front matter q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S0168-1591 99 00087-8 ( ) E.O. PricerApplied Animal BehaÕiour Science 65 1999 245–271 246 cases, captive-reared animals must be conditioned to live in nature prior to their release. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.