Role of zonal flows in trapped electron mode turbulence through nonlinear gyrokinetic particle and continuum simulation

gyrokinetic particle and continuum simulation D. R. Ernst, J. Lang, W. M. Nevins, M. Hoffman, Y. Chen, W. Dorland, and S. Parker Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 167 Albany Street, NW16-258, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA Center for Integrated Plasma Studies, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA Department of Physics and Department of Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA Department of Physics, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modelling, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA