Siderophores for molecular imaging applications
نویسندگان
چکیده
This review covers publications on siderophores applied for molecular imaging applications, mainly for radionuclide-based imaging. Siderophores are low molecular weight chelators produced by bacteria and fungi to scavenge essential iron. Research on these molecules has a continuing history over the past 50 years. Many biomedical applications have been developed, most prominently the use of the siderophore desferrioxamine (DFO) to tackle iron overload related diseases. Recent research described the upregulation of siderophore production and transport systems during infection. Replacing iron in siderophores by radionuclides, the most prominent Ga-68 for PET, opens approaches for targeted imaging of infection; the proof of principle has been reported for fungal infections using 68Ga-triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC). Additionally, fluorescent siderophores and therapeutic conjugates have been described and may be translated to optical imaging and theranostic applications. Siderophores have also been applied as bifunctional chelators, initially DFO as chelator for Ga-67 and more recently for Zr-89 where it has become the standard chelator in Immuno-PET. Improved DFO constructs and bifunctional chelators based on cyclic siderophores have recently been developed for Ga-68 and Zr-89 and show promising properties for radiopharmaceutical development in PET. A huge potential from basic biomedical research on siderophores still awaits to be utilized for clinical and translational imaging.
منابع مشابه
Siderophore and Its Applications in the Field of Bioenvironmental Researches
Iron, one of the essential micronutrients, is needed for electron transport and metabolic processes in almost all living organisms. The ferric form (Fe3+) of iron is insoluble in nature and inaccessible at physiological pH (7.35–7.40). Under iron-limited conditions, metal-chelating agents such as siderophores are synthesized by many bacteria and a few fungi. Siderophores have a high affinity fo...
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