The invisible made visible: multi-modality imaging in the evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis.

of the ONH, and the lack of autonomic innervation of retinal vessels. In addition to structural vascular abnormalities, the dysregulation of arteries and veins is also important. Intraretinal haemorrhages are often a consequence of disturbed BRB. Venous dysregulation increases RVP and can lead to RVO. While hypoxia plays a major pathophysiological role in diabetic retinopathy and in wet AMD, an unstable oxygen supply contributes to GON by increasing the oxidative stress. While systemic hypertension increases the risk of infarctions or diabetic retinopathy, systemic hypotension and increased fluctuations in BP are risk factors for GON. Retinal vascular changes also predict, to some extent, cardiovascular events.