Encyclopedia of Microbiology - Authors' Instructions
نویسندگان
چکیده
Bacterial existence is fraught with stresses, which bacteria counter at two levels, the specific and general stress responses (GSRs). The former is aimed at escaping the specific stress being experienced by the synthesis, for example, under starvation, of enzymes to better capture a scarce nutrient, and tends to be specific to a given stress. But in GSR, a common set of proteins is induced in order to circumvent damage to cell constituents. These are concerned with repairing, for example, cell proteins, nucleic acids, and the envelope. GSR thus makes bacteria more robust in meeting stresses in general. Stresses are sensed by many mechanisms, such as phosphorylation or oxidation of sensor proteins. The transcription of GSR genes involves mainly the s species of RNA polymerase. s levels increase under carbon as well as phosphorus starvation, but by different mechanisms, by increased protein stability in the former and increased translation in the latter. The ClpXP protease and the protein SprE (RssB) modulate s stability, and the protein Hfq and small noncoding RNAs the translation of its mRNA AU6 . Under other stresses, s activity is enhanced through the activity of ppGpp and proteins Crl and Rsd. MICB 00102
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