Comparative aquatic toxicity of a commercial naphthenic acid and processes for mitigating risks
نویسندگان
چکیده
Comparative toxicity studies using unconfounded exposures can prioritize the selection of sensitive sentinel test species and can refine methods for evaluating ecological risks of complex constituents like naphthenic acids (NAs), a group of problematic organic acids associated with crude oils and energy-derived waters. Unconfounded exposures of NAs can be prepared with relatively stable and repeatable commercially available sources in water accommodated fractions (WAFs). The overall objective of this study was to compare responses of freshwater aquatic organisms (in terms of acute toxicity) to Fluka commercial NA WAFs. To achieve this overall objective, specific objectives were to 1) measure responses of a vertebrate: fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), invertebrates: microcrustacean (Ceriodaphnia dubia), amphipod (Hyalella azteca), and midge (Chironomus dilutus) in terms of mortality and a macrophyte: common cattail (Typha latifolia) in terms of early seedling root and shoot growth to 7-d exposures of Fluka commercial NA WAFs, 2) compare the estimated 7-d lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs), median lethal effect concentrations (LC50s) for animal species, and median effect concentration (EC50) for T. latifolia, 3) compare toxicity of Fluka NAs measured in this study with aquatic toxicity data for Fluka and other commercial NA sources in peer-reviewed scientific literature, and 4) compare results with published aquatic toxicity data for NAs from energy-derived waters in peerreviewed scientific literature. Exposures were confirmed using high performance liquid
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