Clinical characteristics, predictors, and survival among patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome.

BACKGROUND Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a complication of advanced liver disease. The impact of HPS on survival is not clearly understood. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective study was carried out at Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University Lahore from June 2011 to May 2012. Patients with cirrhosis of liver were evaluated for presence of HPS with arterial blood gas analysis and saline bubble echocardiography. All patients were followed for 6 months for complications and mortality. Cox regression analysis was done to evaluate role of HPS on patient survival. RESULTS 110 patients were included in the study. Twenty-nine patients (26%) had HPS. MELD score was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in patients with HPS (18.93 ± 3.51) as compared to that in patients without HPS (13.52 ± 3.3). Twenty two (75.9%) patients of Child class C, 5 (17.2%) patients of Child class B and 2 (6.9%) patients of Child class A had HPS (P 0.03). The clinical variables associated with presence of HPS were spider nevi, digital clubbing, dyspnea, and platypnea. HPS significantly increased mortality during six month follow up period (HR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.10- 5.55). Child-Pugh and MELD scores were also associated with increased mortality. HPS was no longer associated with mortality when adjustment was done for age, gender, Child-Pugh, and MELD scores (HR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.14-1.41). Both the Child-Pugh and MELD scores remained significantly associated with mortality in the multivariate survival analysis. CONCLUSIONS HPS indicates advanced liver disease. HPS does not affect mortality when adjusted for severity of cirrhosis.