XPS Characterization of Films Formed on Distribution Systems Using Additives to Control Pb/Cu Levels in Drinking Water

INTRODUCTION Silicates have been used by the drinking water utilities for decades (Shuldener and Sussman, 1960). Initially, silicates were used for “red” water complaints in the distribution system. Control of zinc [from galvanized iron] and aluminum corrosion by silicates has also been described by early researchers (Lehrman and Shuldener, 1951, 1952). More recently, silicates have been found effective for reducing “red” and “black” water complaints resulting from the oxidation of naturally occurring iron and manganese in groundwaters.