Borrowing Requirements, Credit Access, and Adverse Selection: Evidence from Kenya

We examine whether stringent formal sector borrowing requirements in developing countries restrict credit access and the potential of asset-collateralized loans. When a Kenyan dairy cooperative exogenously replaced high down payments with loans collateralized by the asset itself a large water tank loan take-up increased from 2.4% to 41.9%. In contrast, substituting joint liability requirements for deposit requirements had no impact on loan take up. There were no repossessions among farmers allowed to collateralize 75% of their loans, and a 0.7% repossession rate among those offered 96% asset collateralization. A KarlanZinman test based on waiving borrowing requirements ex post finds evidence of adverse selection with very low deposit requirements, but not of moral hazard. A simple model and rough calibration suggests that adverse selection and regulatory caps on interest rates may deter lenders from making welfare-improving loans with low deposit requirements. We estimate that 2/3 of marginal loans led to increased water storage investment. Real effects of loosening borrowing requirements include increased household water access, reductions in child time spent on water-related tasks, and greater school enrollment for girls.