The Direction of Causation : Ramsey ’ s Ultimate Contingency
نویسنده
چکیده
منابع مشابه
The New Challenge : From a Century of Statistics to an Age ofCausationJ
Some of the main users of statistical methods { economists, social scientists, and epidemiologists { are discovering that their elds rest not on statistical but on causal foundations. The blurring of these foundations over the years follows from the lack of mathematical notation capable of distinguishing causal from equational relationships. By providing formal and natural explica-tion of such ...
متن کاملZarankiewicz Numbers and Bipartite Ramsey Numbers
The Zarankiewicz number z(b; s) is the maximum size of a subgraph of Kb,b which does not contain Ks,s as a subgraph. The two-color bipartite Ramsey number b(s, t) is the smallest integer b such that any coloring of the edges of Kb,b with two colors contains a Ks,s in the rst color or a Kt,t in the second color.In this work, we design and exploit a computational method for bounding and computing...
متن کاملUltimate and proximate explanations of strong reciprocity
Strong reciprocity (SR) has recently been subject to heated debate. In this debate, the "West camp" (West et al. in Evol Hum Behav 32(4):231-262, 2011), which is critical of the case for SR, and the "Laland camp" (Laland et al. in Science, 334(6062):1512-1516, 2011, Biol Philos 28(5):719-745, 2013), which is sympathetic to the case of SR, seem to take diametrically opposed positions. The West c...
متن کاملAll those Ramsey classes (Ramsey classes with closures and forbidden homomorphisms)
We prove the Ramsey property of classes of ordered structures with closures and given local properties. This generalises earlier results: the Nešetřil-Rödl Theorem, the Ramsey property of partial orders and metric spaces as well as the author’s Ramsey lift of bowtiefree graphs. We use this framework to give new examples of Ramsey classes. Among others, we show (and characterise) the Ramsey prop...
متن کاملCause and effect in biology revisited: is Mayr's proximate-ultimate dichotomy still useful?
Fifty years ago, Ernst Mayr published a hugely influential paper on the nature of causation in biology, in which he distinguished between proximate and ultimate causes. Mayr equated proximate causation with immediate factors (for example, physiology) and ultimate causation with evolutionary explanations (for example, natural selection). He argued that proximate and ultimate causes addressed dif...
متن کامل