Integrated modelling and decision-support tools: a Mediterranean example

A great deal of new knowledge and research material have been generated from research carried out under the auspices of the European Union (EU). However, only a small amount has been made available as practical policy-support tools. In this paper, we describe how EU funded research models and understanding have been integrated into an interactive decision-support system addressing physical, economic and social aspects of land degradation in the Mediterranean. We summarise the 10 constituent models that simulate hydrology, human influences, crops, natural vegetation and climatic conditions. The models operate on very different spatial and temporal scales and utilise different modelling techniques and implementation languages. Many scientific, modelling and technical issues were encountered during the transformation of ‘research’ models into ‘policy’ models. We highlight the differences between each type of model and discuss some of the ontological and technical problems in re-using research models for policy-support, including resolving differences in temporal scale and some of the software engineering aspects of model integration. The involvement of policy-makers, ‘stakeholders’ and other end-users is essential for the specification of relevant decision-making issues and the development of useful interactive support tools. We discuss the problems of identifying both the decision-makers and the issues they perceive as important, their receptivity to such tools, and their roles in the policy-making process. Finally, we note the lessons learned, the resources needed, and the types of end-users, scientists and mediators required to ensure effective communication, technical development and exploitation of spatial modelling tools for integrated environmental decision-making. # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.