Effects of epilimnetic versus metalimnetic fertilization on the phytoplankton and periphyton of a mountain lake with a deep chlorophyll maxima
نویسندگان
چکیده
Nutrients can load directly to either the epilimnion or metalimnion of lakes via either differential inflow depths of tributaries or intentional fertilization of discrete strata. We evaluated the differential effects of epilimnetic versus metalimnetic nutrient loading using 17-m-deep mesocosms that extended into the deep chlorophyll layer of oligotrophic Pettit Lake in the Sawtooth Mountains of Idaho. Addition of nitrogen plus phosphorus stimulated primary production nearly identically (2.4to 4-fold on different dates) in both treatments, with the production peaks occurring in the strata where nutrients were added. The metalimnetic fertilization, however, resulted in equal or greater stimulation of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biovolume than when nutrients were added directly to the epilimnion. Periphyton growth was stimulated 10–100 times more by epilimnetic fertilization than by metalimnetic fertilization and diverted nutrients from the planktonic autotrophs. These results suggest that the development of deep chlorophyll layers may be influenced by plunging river inflows that carry nutrients to the metalimnion and that metalimnetic lake fertilization may be useful as a tool for increasing lake productivity while reducing the impact on water quality. Résumé : Les nutriments peuvent s’insérer directement soit dans l’épilimnion, soit dans le métalimnion des lacs selon les différentes profondeurs d’arrivée des eaux des tributaires ou à la suite d’une fertilisation délibérée d’une strate particulière. Nous avons comparé les effets de l’entrée des nutriments dans l’épilimnion et dans le métalimnion à l’aide de mésocosmes de 17 m de profondeur qui atteignaient la couche profonde de chlorophylle dans le lac oligotrophe Pettit dans les monts Sawtooth en Idaho. L’addition d’azote et de phosphore stimulait la production primaire presque de la même façon dans les deux traitements (d’un facteur de 2,4 à 4 aux différentes dates) et le maximum de production se produisait dans la strate dans laquelle les nutriments avaient été ajoutés. La fertilisation du métalimnion stimulait autant sinon plus la chlorophylle a et le biovolume du phytoplancton qu’une addition des nutriments directement à l’épilimnion. La croissance du périphyton était activée de 10–100 fois plus par une fertilisation de l’épilimnion plutôt que du métalimnion et elle détournait les nutriments des autotrophes planctoniques. Ces résultats laissent croire que la formation des couches profondes de chlorophylle peut être influencée par l’influx en profondeur des eaux de rivière qui apportent des nutriments au métalimnion et que la fertilisation du métalimnion peut être un outil commode pour augmenter la productivité d’un lac, tout en minimisant l’impact sur la qualité de l’eau. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Wurtsbaugh et al. 2166
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