An upwind least square formulation for free surfaces calculation of viscoplastic steady-state metal forming problems

Background One or two decades ago, when computers resources were much lower, steady-state formulations have attracted considerable interest in the field of material forming simulation More precisely in the metal forming field, it was extensively applied for rolling processes. Early simulations were done for thick plates [1] and simple shape rolling [2]. They were extended to seamless tube rolling [3, 4] and complicated shape rolling [5] before being applied to more complex material behavior [6] and to rolling stand deformation [7]. Abstract