Basin-scale availability of salmonid spawning gravel as influenced by channel type and hydraulic roughness in mountain catchments
نویسندگان
چکیده
A general framework is presented for examining the effects of channel type and associated hydraulic roughness on salmonid spawning-gravel availability in mountain catchments. Digital elevation models are coupled with grain-size predictions to provide basin-scale assessments of the potential extent and spatial pattern of spawning gravels. To demonstrate both the model and the significance of hydraulic roughness, we present a scenario for optimizing the spatial extent of spawning gravels as a function of channel type in Pacific Northwest catchments. Predictions indicate that hydraulic roughness could control more than 65% of the potential available spawning habitat at our study sites. Results further indicate that bar roughness can be important for maintaining spawning gravels in lower mainstem reaches, while wood roughness may be required for spawning-gravel maintenance in steeper, upper mainstem channels. Our analysis indicates that wood loss and consequent textural coarsening could deplete up to one third of the potentially usable spawning area at our study sites. Résumé : Nous présentons ici un cadre général pour l’examen des effets du type de chenal et de la rugosité hydraulique associée sur la disponibilité de graviers pour la fraye des saumons dans les bassins versants de montagne. Le couplage de modèles digitaux d’altitude et de prédictions des tailles des particules fournit une évaluation à l’échelle du bassin versant de l’étendue potentielle et de la répartition spatiale des graviers de fraye. Comme illustration du fonctionnement du modèle et de l’importance de la rugosité hydraulique, nous présentons un scénario pour l’optimisation de l’étendue spatiale des graviers de fraye en fonction du type de chenal dans les bassins versants de la région pacifique du nord-ouest. Les prédictions indiquent que la rugosité hydraulique peut contrôler plus de 65 % des habitats de fraye potentiellement disponibles dans nos sites d’étude. Les résultats indiquent de plus que la rugosité due aux seuils peut être importante pour le maintien des graviers de fraye dans les sections d’aval du cours principal, alors que la rugosité due au bois est nécessaire pour le maintien des graviers de fraye dans les cours principaux d’amont à pente plus forte. Notre analyse montre que la perte du bois et la texture plus grossière qui en résulterait pourraient éliminer jusqu’à un tiers de la surface utilisable potentielle de fraye dans nos sites d’étude. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Buffington et al. 2096
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