Grasses have larger response than shrubs to increased nitrogen availability: A fertilization experiment in the Patagonian steppe

Nitrogen limits plant growth in almost all terrestrial ecosystems, even in low-precipitation ecosystems. Vegetation in arid ecosystems is usually composed of two dominant plant-functional types, grasses and shrubs, which have different rooting and water acquisition patterns. These plant-functional types may respond differently to N availability because they have different strategies to absorb and retranslocate N. We hypothesized that grasses are more N limited than shrubs, and consequently will show higher responses to N addition. To test this hypothesis, we added 50 kg N ha 1 year 1 as NH4NO3 during two years in the Patagonian steppe, Argentina, and we evaluated the responses of aboveground net primary production and N concentration of green leaves of the dominant grass and shrub species. Grass biomass significantly (P 1⁄4 0.007) increased with increased N availability whereas shrub biomass did not change after two years of N addition. Shrubs have higher nitrogen concentration in green leaves than grasses, particularly the leguminous Adesmia volkmanni, and showed no response to N addition whereas foliar N concentration of grasses significantly increased with N fertilization (P < 0.05). Grasses may have a larger response to increase N availability than shrubs because they have a more open N economy absorbing up to 30% of their annual requirement from the soil. In contrast, shrubs have a closer N cycle, absorbing between 7 and 16% of their annual N requirement from the soil. Consequently shrubs depend less on soil N availability and are less responsive to increases in soil N. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Nitrogen limits plant growth in almost all terrestrial ecosystems (LeBauer and Treseder, 2008; Vitousek and Howarth, 1991), even in low-precipitation ecosystems such as deserts and steppes (Yahdjian et al., 2011). In a recentmeta-analysis of 68 N-fertilization experiments in arid to sub-humid ecosystems, nitrogen addition increased aboveground net primary production across all studies by 50%, with increasing absolute responses along a range of 50e 650 mm of annual precipitation (Yahdjian et al., 2011). In arid ecosystems, N availability for plants andmicrobes is quite dynamic and changes from year to year as a response to changes in water availability and N deposition. Water availability affects N availability by differentially altering two processes, N immobilization and N mineralization. Whereas plant immobilization is sensitive to water availability, mineralization is not, and consequently in y, Av. San Martín 4453, Bue070x8110; fax: þ54 11 4514