Oral β-glucan adjuvant therapy converts nonprotective Th2 response to protective Th1 cell-mediated immune response in mammary tumor-bearing mice

Beta (1-3)-D-glucans were identified almost 40 years ago as biological response modifiers that stimulated tumor rejection. In vitro studies have shown that β-glucans bind to a lectin domain within complement receptor type 3 (CR3), or to, more recently described dectin-1 a β-glucan specific receptor, acting mainly on phagocytic cells. In this study, we assessed the intracellular cytokine profiles of peripheral blood lymphocytes from mice bearing mammary tumors receiving i.v. anti-tumor mAbs combined or not with whole glucan particle suspension given orally (WGP, 400 μg every 24 hours). The proportions of T cells producing IL-4 and IFNγ were determined by flow cytometry. The proportion of T cells producing IL-4 was significantly higher in tumor-bearing mice not receiving β-glucan-enhanced therapy. Conversely, T cells from mice undergoing β-glucan-enhanced therapy showed increased production of the Th1 cytokine IFNγ. The switch from a Th2 to a Th1 response after WGP therapy was possibly mediated by intestinal mucosal macrophages releasing IL-12.