Ciao: a graphical navigator for software and document repositories

Programmers frequently have to retrieve and link information from various software documents to accomplish a maintenance task. Ciao is a graph-based navigator that helps programmers query and browse structural connections embedded in di erent software and document repositories. A repository consists of a collection of source documents with an associated database that describes their structure. Ciao supports repositories organized in an architecture style called Aero, which exploits the duality between a class of entity-relationship (ER) databases and directed attributed graphs (DAG). Database queries and graph analysis operators in Aero are plug-compatible because they all take an ER database and produce yet another ER database by default. Various presentation lters generate graph views, source views, and relational views from any compatible ER database. The architecture promotes the construction of successively more complex operators using a notion of virtual database pipelines. Ciao has been instantiated for C and C++ program databases, and program di erence databases. The latter allows programmers to explore program structure changes by browsing and expanding graphs that highlight changed, deleted, and added entities and relationships. The unifying ER model under ciao also allows users to navigate di erent software repositories and make necessary connections. We have linked program di erence databases and modi cation request (MR) databases so that users can investigate the connections between MRs and a ected entities. Ciao has been applied to several large communications software projects and we report experiences and lessons learned from these applications.