Modelling solute leaching during fingered flow by integrating and expanding various theoretical and empirical concepts
نویسندگان
چکیده
Wetting front instability (fingered flow) accelerates solute transport through the unsaturated zone to the groundwater table. Whether fingers widen or dissipate close to the groundwater is unclear. Water flow in a two-dimensional artificial capillary fringe below a dry layer exhibiting fingered flow was investigated. The flow diverged strongly in the wet soil, suggesting that fingers dissipate. Expressions for the finger radius in dry and wet soil were combined and adapted to a soil hydraulic property parameterization popular in numerical modelling. The modified equation provided finger radii for soils in humid and arid climates. The fingers in the arid soil were excessively wide. The finger radii were used to model solute transport, assuming fingers dissipated in the subsoil. Modelling was cumbersome for the arid climate. One shower may often be insufficient to trigger fingering in arid regions with short, heavy showers. In soils with shallow groundwater, the diverging subsoil flow determines solute leaching. Modélisation de la lixiviation de la matière dissoute le long de chemins préférentiels combinant et étendant quelques concepts théorétiques et empiriques Résumé L'instabilité du front d'humectation (désigné ci-dessous comme un drainage selon des chemins préférentiels) accélère le transport des matières dissoutes vers la nappe phréatique. Au voisinage de la nappe, il est difficile de dire si les chemins préférentiels s'élargissent ou disparaissent. La recherche a été menée sur l'écoulement de l'eau à travers un système capillaire artificiel à deux dimensions (représentant une couche de sol humide), situé au dessous d'une couche de sol sec où apparaissent des chemins préférentiels. La forte divergence des chemins préférentiels dans la couche humide suggère leur disparition. Quelques expressions du rayon des chemins préférentiels en sol sec ou humide ont été combinées et adaptées à une paramétrisation des propriétés hydrauliques du sol fréquemment utilisée dans les modèles numériques. L'expression qui en résulte a permis de fournir une estimation du rayon des chemins préférentiels des sols pour des climats humides ou arides. Les rayons des chemins préférentiels des sols arides étaient particulièrement grands. Le transport des matières dissoutes est modélisé en utilisant ces rayons et en supposant que les chemins préférentiels disparaissent dans le sol humide sousjacent. La modélisation du sol en climat aride s'est révélée difficile. Dans ces climats, où les pluies sont de courte durée et de forte intensité, la quantité d'eau peut être insuffisante pour provoquer la formation de chemins préférentiels. Dans les sols où la nappe phréatique est peu profonde, la divergence des chemins préférentiels dans le sol humide sous-jacent est décisive pour le transport des matières dissoutes. Open for discussion until 1 December 1999 448 Gerrit H. de Rooij & Hiroyuki Cho
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