Habituation of the vasoconstriction response as a function of stimulus duration and anxiety.

شرایط هیپرناترمیک و بیهوشی با داروی کتامین: رت‌های نر ویستار

Background: The function of internal systems can be influenced significantly by hypernatremia, even anesthesia may be affected by this electrolyte imbalance. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a single anesthetic dose of ketamine in an experimental rat model of chronic hypernatremia. Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats, weighing 300(±20)g, were allocated randomly to three grou...

Dissociating the effects of habituation, black walls, buspirone and ethanol on anxiety-like behavioral responses in shoaling zebrafish. A 3D approach to social behavior

Understanding the different patterns of anxiety-like behavioral responses is of great interest for pharmacological and genetic research. Here we report the effects of 3.5-hr habituation, buspirone and ethanol on those responses in shoaling zebrafish (Danio rerio). Since in these experiments we used a container with white walls, the effects of black-vs.-white walls were tested in a separate expe...

Habituation of GSR as a function of stimulus duration and spontaneous activity.

FORMALIN AS A PERIPHERAL NOXIOUS STIMULUS CAUSES A BIPHASIC RESPONSE IN NUCLEUS PARAGIGANTOCELLULARIS NEURONS

The effects of formalin as a peripheral noxious stimulus on the activity of lateral paragigantocellularis nucleus (LPGi) neurons were examined. Spontaneous activity ofLPGi neurons was recorded after confirmation of their responsiveness to acute pain, and thereafter formalin (50 µL, 2.5%) was injected in the contralateral hindpaw. The response of the LPGi neurons was monitored for 60 min. A...

An experimental demonstration that fear, but not disgust, is associated with return of fear in phobias.

It has been suggested that disgust, rather than anxiety, may be important in some phobias. Correlational studies have been ambiguous, indicating either that disgust increases phobic anxiety or that phobic anxiety potentiates disgust. In the experimental study reported here, disgust and phobic anxiety were manipulated in the context of habituation to phobic stimuli. Spider fearful participants w...