Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Back Together Again
نویسنده
چکیده
Probably more than any other one thing, my article "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair," has led to an increasingly acrimonious divorce between individualistic animal welfare ethics and holistic ecocentric ethics.! I think this estrangement is regrettable because it is divisive. Animal welfare ethicists and environmental ethicists have 163 overlapping concerns. From a practical point of view, it would be far wiser to make common cause against a common enemy-the destructive forces at work ravaging the nonhuman world-than to continue squabbling among ourselves. Not long after the schism emerged, that is not long after the appearance of "Triangular Affair," Mary Anne Warren took a positive step toward reconcilia tion. She insisted that ecocentric environmental ethics and animal welfare ethics were "complementary," not contradictory.2 Warren's approach is thoroughly pluralistic. She argues that animals, like human beings, have rights. But she also argues that animals do not enjoy the same rights as human beings and that the rights of animals are not equal to human rights. And she argues, further, that animal rights and human rights are grounded in different psychological capacities. A holistic environmental ethic, Warren suggests, rests upon still other foundations-the instrumental value of "natural resources" to us and to future generations and the "intrinsic value" we (or at least some of us) intuitively find in plants, species, "mountains, oceans, and the like."3 PHILOSOPHY Between the Species
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