Combining interactive multiple goal linear programming with an inter-stakeholder communication matrix to generate land use options

An Interactive Multiple Goal Linear Programming (IMGLP) model is developed that considers objectives of multiple stakeholders, i.e. different farmer groups, district agricultural officers and agricultural scientists for agricultural land use analysis. The analysis focuses on crop selection; considering irrigated and non-irrigated crops such as rice, sugarcane, sorghum, cotton, millet, pulses and groundnut. Interests of the most important stakeholders, farmers, policy makers and water users association are investigated. Important objectives of the farmers are increased income and retaining paddy area; of the policy makers (Agricultural Department) increased farmers’ income, maintaining rural employment, improve water-use efficiency, reduce fertiliser and biocide use and discourage farmers from cultivating marginal lands; of the water users association optimising water use. Scenarios have been constructed by combining objectives and constraints. A Stakeholder Communication Matrix (SCM) indicating the level of communication and information flow among stakeholders in the district was generated after a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Results of the scenarios generated with the IMGLP model were compared with the matrix. The relevance of analysing the results of the scenarios generated with the IMGLP model in the context of the SCM is illustrated for a sample set of scenarios. Scenario 1 (S1), where both the paddy area and the agricultural area are retained at the current level, is preferred by the farmers. However, the Agricultural Department would identify more easily with S10 in which the paddy area is reduced by 50% and the agricultural area by 20%, in accordance with the policy of limiting the area of high water-demanding crops and dissuading farmers from cultivating marginal lands, while the water users association would prefer S12, where water use is minimised by expanding the area of crops that are relatively less water-demanding. Income in S12 is 22% lower than in S1, while water use is 36% lower, and there is a significant reduction in biocide use. The conflict between S1 and S10 is compounded by the fact that communication between small-scale farmers and the Agricultural Department is relatively weak. Analysing the scenarios in the context of the SCM is useful to gain insight into the interactions among stakeholders in the system and take curative measures if required for improved communication. While the IMGLP model considers the bio-economics of the land use system, the SCM describes its social aspects, which may be critical for successful implementation of the IMGLP model. 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.