27 Evaluation of cervical smears.pmd
نویسنده
چکیده
The cervical smear (Papanicolaou, Pap smear) is a routine screening test used for the detection of early cervical abnormalities, namely precancerous dysplastic changes of the uterine cervix [1], together with viral, bacterial, and fungal infections of the cervix and vagina. Cervical screening is a relatively simple, low cost and noninvasive method. Regular screening for cervical cancer reduces both the mortality and incidence of cervical carcinoma. Cervical neoplasia typically develops into invasive cancer over a 10-year period [3–6] and apparent cases of rapidly progressive cervical cancer are likely to be among women who have escaped screening and proper follow-up. Annual screening reduces the probability of developing invasive carcinoma by over 95% [2]. There is also epidemiological and experimental evidence that Pap smears are beneficial in detecting infections that are risk factors associated with cervical cancer, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) [7,8]. Societies where sexual activity starts at a young age and where multiple partners are common are at a higher risk of exposure to HPV than in conservative societies such as Jordan. HPV is a virus that infects reproducing cells, thus enhancing proliferation of the cell population; this increases the risk of transformation to high-grade lesions or carcinomas [9–11]. A cervical smear also detects vaginal infections such as Candida albicans, where patients present with physical discomfort, excess vaginal discharge, itching and other complaints. In the absence of a national cervical screening programme in Jordan, the aim of
منابع مشابه
Comparative evaluation of microleakage in occlusal and cervical part of cavitites prepared by Er:YAG laser and conventional method
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