Place presence, social presence, co-presence, and satisfaction in virtual worlds

This study investigated the relationship among three types of the presences, including place presence, social presence, and co-presence in virtual worlds and their relationship with satisfaction and immersive tendencies of students. Students’ scores on a subjective questionnaire were analyzed. Results indicated that there was a significant relationship among the place presence, social presence, and co-presence. While social presence seemed to affect the satisfaction most, place and co-presence also affected students’ satisfaction in virtual world. Moreover, immersive tendencies of the students were related to their place and copresence but not to their social presence. Findings highlighted the important issues for the design of virtual world environments to increase presence and satisfaction of students.