Three-dimensional mapping of light transmittance and foliage distribution using lidar
نویسندگان
چکیده
The horizontal and vertical distributions of light transmittance were evaluated as a function of foliage distribution using lidar (light detection and ranging) observations for a sugar maple (Acer saccharum) stand in the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Along the vertical profile of vegetation, horizontal slices of probability of light transmittance were derived from an Optech ALTM 1225 instrument’s return pulses (two discrete, 15-cm diameter returns) using indicator kriging. These predictions were compared with (i) below canopy (1-cm spatial resolution) transect measurements of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) and (ii) measurements of tree height. A first-order trend was initally removed from the lidar returns. The vertical distribution of vegetation height was then sliced into nine percentiles and indicator variograms were fitted to them. Variogram parameters were found to vary as a function of foliage height above ground. In this paper, we show that the relationship between ground measurements of FPAR and kriged estimates of vegetation cover becomes stronger and tighter at coarser spatial resolutions. Three-dimensional maps of foliage distribution were computed as stacks of the percentile probability surfaces. These probability surfaces showed correspondence with individual treebased observations and provided a much more detailed characterization of quasi-continuous foliage distribution. These results suggest that discrete-return lidar provides a promising technology to capture variations of foliage characteristics in forests to support the development of functional linkages between biophysical and ecological studies. Résumé. La distribution horizontale et verticale du facteur de transmission de la lumière a été évaluée en fonction de la distribution du feuillage utilisant des données lidar (détection et télémétrie par la lumière) d’une érablière à sucre (Acer saccharum) dans le basin versant de Turkey Lakes (Ontario). En plus du profile vertical de la végétation, des tranches horizontales de la probabilité du facteur de transmission de la lumière ont été dérivées des impulsions réfléchies par l’instrument Optech ALTM 1225 (deux impulsions discrètes de 15 cm de diamètre) à l’aide de l’indicateur krigeage. Ces prédictions ont été comparées avec (i) des mesures de la fraction de la photosynthétique active de radiation (FPAR) sous la futaie (avec une résolution spatiale d’un cm) le long d’un transect, et (ii) les mesures de hauteur des arbres. Initialement, une tendance linéaire de premier-ordre a été enlevé des valeurs de lidar réfléchies. La distribution verticale de la hauteur de la végétation a été ensuite tranchée en neuf percentiles afin d’ajuster des variogrammes indicateurs à chaque seuil séparément. Les paramètres des variogrammes estimés varient en fonction de la hauteur de la futaie par rapport au sol. Nous montrons que la relation entre les mesures sur le terrain de FPAR et les valeurs estimées par le krigeage du couvert de végétation devient plus élevée et moins variable aux résolutions spatiales plus grossières. Les cartes en trois dimensions de la distribution du feuillage ont été obtenues en superposant les surfaces de probabilités de percentiles calculées séparément. Ces surfaces de probabilités montrent la correspondance avec les observations individuelles d’arbres et fournissent une caractérisation plus détaillée de la distribution quasi-continue du feuillage. Ces résultats suggèrent que les impulsions discrètes réfléchies fournissent une technologie prometteuse pour capturer les variations des caractéristiques du feuillage dans les forêts et ce permettant le développement de liens fonctionnels entre les études biophysiques et écologiques des forêts.
منابع مشابه
Conditional Random Fields for Airborne Lidar Point Cloud Classification in Urban Area
Over the past decades, urban growth has been known as a worldwide phenomenon that includes widening process and expanding pattern. While the cities are changing rapidly, their quantitative analysis as well as decision making in urban planning can benefit from two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) digital models. The recent developments in imaging and non-imaging sensor technologies, s...
متن کاملBiological Diversity Mapping Comes of Age
Over the past 60 years, Earth observing has evolved from aerial photographic studies to high-tech airborne 3-D imaging and global satellite-based monitoring. These technological advances have been driven by an increasing call for quantitative and information-rich data on changes in Earth properties and processes. Within the biospheric remote sensing arena, focus has mostly been placed on change...
متن کاملLeaf area distribution and radiative transfer in open-canopy forests: implications for mass and energy exchange.
Leaf area and its spatial distribution are key canopy parameters needed to model the radiation regime within a forest and to compute the mass and energy exchange between a forest and the atmosphere. A much larger proportion of available net radiation is received at the forest floor in open-canopy forests than in closed-canopy forests. The proportion of ecosystem water vapor exchange (lambda E) ...
متن کاملThe Effect of Antenna Movement and Material Properties on Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in a Two-Dimensional Metamaterials
Increasing development of nano-technology in optics and photonics by using modern methods of light control in waveguide devices and requiring miniaturization and electromagnetic devices such as antennas, transmission and storage as well as improvement in the electromagnetic tool, have led researchers to use the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and similar phenomena i...
متن کامل