The perceived autonomy support scale for exercise settings (PASSES): Development, validity, and cross-cultural invariance in young people

Objective: The study aimed to develop a perceived autonomy support scale for exercise settings (PASSES) in young people. Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Methods: In Study 1,432 school pupils responded to an initial pool of perceived autonomy support items with physical education (PE) teachers as the source of support. The validity of the initial factor structure of the PASSES was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. In Study 2, three versions of the PASSES were developed measuring perceived autonomy support from three sources: PE teachers, parents, and peers. British (N 1⁄4 210), Estonian (N 1⁄4 268), and Hungarian (N 1⁄4 235) school pupils completed each see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. psychsport.2006.09.001 ding author. resses: [email protected] (M.S. Hagger), [email protected] zisarantis), [email protected] (V. Hein), [email protected] (I. Soós). . Chatzisarantis is now with the School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Portland Square, Drake uth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.