Screening for genetic heterogeneity in the interferon sensitivity determining region of the HCV genome by polymerase chain reaction with melting curve analysis

Background and Aim: Although mutations in the interferon (IFN) sensitivity determining region (ISDR) of HCV have been reported to be useful as a predictive viral factor for IFN therapy in patients infected with HCV-1b, such laboratory research has not been favorably translated into the clinic. To promote such translation, we attempted the establishment of a rapid and simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with melting curve analysis (MCA) to screen for mutations in the ISDR and for the monitoring of HCV-quasi-species. Methods: A PCR-MCA protocol was established using in-house primers and hybridization probes designed according to the results of direct sequencing of 34 HCV-1b samples. Then, the performance of PCR-MCA was verified by comparing with mutation profiles obtained by direct sequencing and sequencing after cloning. Results: The MCA assay revealed that melting temperature (Tm) was inversely correlated with the number of nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) substitutions in the ISDR deduced on the basis of the results of direct sequencing. A boundary Tm of 58.0°C allowed us to discriminate HCV genomes into two groups; one with Tm>58.0°C had noor low number of nt substitution, whiles the other genomes with Tm<58.0°C had high number of nt substitution, corresponding to wild-type in the former and mutant-type in the latter in respect of a clinical setting for IFN therapy. Moreover, this MCA assay provided precise discrimination of Tm between clones, reflecting the degree of the genetic complexity of HCV genomes. Conclusion: This study indicates that the MCA assay is useful to rapidly and simply screen the mutational status of the ISDR region of HCV as well as in using ISDR as one of targets for discriminating the genetic complexity of HCV genomes. The MCA assay also could be applicable as a convenient and useful screen of the genetic heterogeneity of clones relating to HCV quasi-species.