Age of Lake Malawi (nyasa) and Water Level Fluctuations

نویسنده

  • D. Delvaux
چکیده

Lake Malawi (Nyasa) is one of the few deep-water long-lived lakes that presently exist on earth. It lies in an uncompensated tectonic graben, controlled by differential vertical movements between the rift basin who subsides and the rift shoulders who are uplifted. Active tectonics is the major factor controlling the development and persistence ofthose deep lakes. For Lake Malawi (Nyasa), climatic influence is also important, due to the small dimensions ofthe hydrological catchment area and the subtropical climate with long dry seasons. The Malawi rift basin, hosting the lake, started to develop in the late Miocene (since 8.6 Me), but deep water conditions were acquired only by 4.5 Ma. The lake then dried out almost completely at the beginning of the Pleistocene (from 1.6 to 1.0 Me), as a consequence of stable tectonic conditions and dry climate. A new regression started at about 0.42 Ma until 0.25 Me, which is well documented by high-resolution seismic stratigraphy. The tectonic lowering of the overflow sill, through subsidence of the rift floor, combined with erosional incision have lowered the water level by 40m since the late Pleistocene. Short-term, small amplitude lake-level fluctuations are documented by direct observations since 1915. Resume. Le lac Malawi (Nyasa), dans la branche occidentale du rift est-africain, est l'un des rareslacsprofonds ayant une ttes longue duree de vie. I1est localise dans un graben tectonique non compense, controle par les mouvements diiierentiels des epeules, montantes, et du sol, subsident. La tectonique active est le facteur principal regisssnt Ie developpement et la persistance de ce type de lac. L'influence climatique est aussi importante pour le lac Malawi, suite aux faibles dimensions de son bassin-versant et des conditions climatiques relativement seches. Le bassin tectonique du lac Malawi a commence a se developpet au Miocene tardif (8,6 Ma). Le lac n'est cependant devetiu profond, que vers 4,5 Ma. I1 s'est essech« presque cotnplctement au debut du Pleistocene (1,6-1,0 Me), pendant une petiode de stebilite tectonique sous un climat plus sec. Une nouvelle regression, docutnentec par la stratigraphie sismique de haute resolution, a eu lieu entre 0,42 et 0,25 Ma. Depuis lafin du Pleistocene, le niveau du lac s'est ebeisse de pres de 40 metres, suite al'abaissement tectonique et al'erosioti de l'exutoire. L 'observation directe, depuis 1915, montre l'existence de fluctuations de plus courte duree et d 'amplitude reduite. Semeavetting. Het Malawimeer (Nyasa) is een van de weinigereeds lang bestaande diepwatermeren op aarde. Het is gelegen in een niet-gecompenseerde graben, gecontroleerd door diiierentiele vertikale bewegingen tussen het inzakkende slenkbekken en de slenkschouders die opgeheven worden. Actieve tektoniek controleert als belangrijkste factor de ontwikkeling en het behoud van deze diepe meren. Voor het Mala wimeer is de klimatologische invloed ook van belang ingevolge de kleine dimensie van het hydrologisch vergaarbekken en het subtropisch klimaat met zijn lange droge seizoenen. De ontwikkeling van het Malawislenkbekken begon in het Laat-Mioceen (8.6 Ma). De echte verdieping van het meer startte slechts rond 4.5 Ma. Het meer droogde bijna volledig uit bij het begin van het Pleistoceen (1.6 1.0 Ma) tijdens een petiode van tektonische stabiliteit onder droog klimaat. Een nieuwe regressie,goed gedocumenteerd door hoge resolutie seismische stratigrafie, vond plaats tussen 0.42 en 0.25 Ma. Sinds het einde van het Pleistoceen is het meerniveau ongeveer 40 metergedaald door tektonische subsidentie en uitvloei-erosie. Directe observatie sinds 1915 toont het bestaan aan van waterpeil fluctuaties met een korte periode en een kleine amplitude.

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تاریخ انتشار 2004