Present and Future Prospects for GRB Standard Candles

— Following our previous work, we conclude that a GRB standard candle constructed from the Ghirlanda et al. power-law relation between the geometry-corrected energy (Eγ) and the peak of the rest-frame prompt burst spectrum (Ep) is not yet cosmographically useful, despite holding some potential advantages over SNe Ia. This is due largely to the small sample of ∼ 20 GRBs with the required measured redshifts, jet-breaks, and peak energies, and to the strong sensitivity of the goodness-of-fit of the power-law to input assumptions. The most important such finding concerns the sensitivity to the generally unknown density (and density profile), of the circumburst medium. Although the Ep–Eγ relation is a highly significant correlation over many cosmologies, until the sample expands to include many low-z events, it will be most sensitive to ΩM but essentially insensitive to ΩΛ and w, with some hope of constraining dw/dt with high-z GRB data alone. The relation clearly represents a significant improvement in the search for an empirical GRB standard candle, but is further hindered by an unknown physical basis for the relation, the lack of a low-z training set to calibrate the relation in a cosmology-independent way, and several major potential systematic uncertainties and selection effects. Until these concerns are addressed, a larger sample is acquired, and attempts are made to marginalize or perform Monte Carlo simulations over the unknown density distribution , we urge caution concerning claims of the utility of GRBs for cosmography and especially the attempts to combine GRBs with SNe Ia. It has long been recognized [1, 2, 3], that standard candles constructed from long duration Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) would have several potential advantages over Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia), the most important being high redshift detection. Whereas detected SNe Ia are currently spectrally classifiable out to a maximum of z ∼ 1.7 with c Società Italiana di Fisica