Deliberating across Difference Bringing Social Learning into the Theory and Practise of Deliberative Democracy in the Case of Turkey

......................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... 4 TABLE of CONTENTS ........................................................................................ 5 LIST of TABLES................................................................................................... 8 DELIBERATING ACROSS DIFFERENCE BRINGING SOCIAL LEARNING INTO THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY IN THE CASE OF TURKEY ................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 9 1. DELIBERATION AS SOCIAL LEARNING .................................................. 17 1.1 Social learning vs. decision-making ...................................................... 17 1.2 Establishing The Dialogic Necessity...................................................... 23 1.3 Why a Monological Account of Deliberative Democracy is Insufficient: Rawls .............................................................................................................. 25 1.4 Habermas and the Presuppositions of Speech .................................... 30 1.5 McCarthy’s Challenge to Habermas...................................................... 33 1.6 Hermeneutics Reconsidered: Gadamer’s Fusion of Horizons ............ 40 1.7 Expanding the Scope of Deliberative Practice: Benhabib ................... 47 1.8 Outside the Boundaries of Formal Deliberation: Young ...................... 51 1.9 Decoupling Social Learning From Decision-Making: Dryzek .............. 53 2. BACKGROUND TO THE CASE OF TURKEY ........................................... 57 2.1 Islam and Democracy ............................................................................. 60 2.2 Islam and the State Relationship in Turkey .......................................... 66 2.2.1 The Five Stages of Islam and the State Relationship................... 67 2.2.2 The AKP’s Paradigm Shift ............................................................... 72 3. THE Q STUDY............................................................................................... 77 3.1 General Background ............................................................................... 77 3.2 Technique and Method ........................................................................... 80 3.3 Designing the Q-sample ......................................................................... 81 3.4 Selecting Subjects (P sets)..................................................................... 83 3.5 Q Sorting .................................................................................................. 84