Fine and Hyperfine Structures of the Hydrogen Atom
نویسنده
چکیده
we have the n-fold degeneracy of states with the same principal quantum number, or 2n-fold once the spin degrees of freedom is included. In the real world, however, the degeneracy is lifted by corrections that arise due to the special relativity. Note also that m in the Hamiltonian is not the mass of the electron, but the reduced mass m = (memp)/(me +mp) which is smaller than the electron mass by about 0.05%. It is useful to recall that the electron in the hydrogen atom is nonrelativistic, v c, but not that slow. The expectation value of the kinetic energy for the state |nlm〉 is
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