Normal Form and Solitons

We present a review of the normal form theory for weakly dispersive nonlinear wave equations where the leading order phenomena can be described by the KdV equation. This is an infinite dimensional extension of the well-known Poincaré-Dulac normal form theory for ordinary differential equations. We also provide a detailed analysis of the interaction problem of solitary waves as an important application of the normal form theory. Several explicit examples are discussed based on the normal form theory, and the results are compared with their numerical simulations. Those examples include the ion acoustic wave equation, the Boussinesq equation as a model of the shallow water waves, the regularized long wave equation and the Hirota bilinear equation having a 7th order linear dispersion.