Marine carbon and nitrogen in southeastern Alaska stream food webs: evidence from artificial and natural streams

نویسندگان

  • Dominic T. Chaloner
  • Kristine M. Martin
  • Mark S. Wipfli
  • Peggy H. Ostrom
  • Gary A. Lamberti
چکیده

Incorporation of marine-derived nutrients (MDN) into freshwater food webs of southeastern Alaska was studied by measuring the natural abundance of nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes in biota from artificial and natural streams. Biofilm, aquatic macroinvertebrates (detritivores, shredders, and predators), and fish (coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki) were sampled from streams in which Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) carcasses had been artificially placed or were present naturally. In the presence of carcasses, all trophic levels incorporated marine-derived nitrogen (range, 22–73% of total N) and carbon (range, 7–52% of total C). In general, chironomid midges assimilated more marine-derived nitrogen and carbon than did other consumers. The assimilation of MDN by aquatic organisms and subsequent isotopic enrichment (5–6‰ for 15N, 3–4‰ for 13C) were similar in experimentally and naturally carcass-enriched streams. For specific taxa, however, percent assimilation for marine nitrogen and carbon were often dissimilar, possibly because of fractionation or transfer inefficiencies. These results suggest that pathways of MDN incorporation into stream food webs include both consumption of salmon material by macroinvertebrates and fish and uptake of mineralized MDN by biofilm. Incorporation of MDN into multiple trophic levels demonstrates the ecological significance of annual returns of anadromous fishes for sustaining the productivity of freshwater food webs. Résumé : La mesure de l’abondance naturelle des isotopes stables d’azote et de carbone chez les organismes vivants de cours d’eau naturels et artificiels a permis d’étudier l’incorporation des nutriments d’origine marine (MDN) dans les réseaux alimentaires d’eau douce dans le sud-est de l’Alaska. Nous avons prélevé des échantillons de biofilm, de macroinvertébrés aquatiques (détrivivores, déchiqueteurs et prédateurs) et de poissons (saumons coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch, et truites fardées, Oncorhynchus clarki) dans des cours d’eau où des carcasses de saumons du Pacifique (Oncorhynchus spp.) se retrouvaient naturellement ou avaient été ajoutées expérimentalement. En présence des carcasses, les organismes de tous les niveaux trophiques incorporent de l’azote (étendue, 22–73 % de N total) et du carbone (étendue, 7–52 % de C total) d’origine marine. En général, les chironomides assimilent plus d’azote et de carbone d’origine marine que ne le font les autres invertébrés. L’assimilation de MDN par les organismes aquatiques et l’enrichissement subséquent en isotopes (5–6 ‰ pour 15N, 3–4 ‰ pour 13C) sont semblables dans les cours d’eau enrichis naturellement ou artificiellement avec les carcasses de saumons. Cependant, les pourcentages d’assimilation d’azote et de carbone d’origine marine par des taxons particuliers peuvent souvent varier, probablement à cause de l’inefficacité du fractionnement ou du transfert. Nos résultats laissent croire que les voies d’entrée du MDN dans le réseau alimentaire des cours d’eau incluent la consommation de tissus de saumons par les macroinvertébrés et les poissons, ainsi que l’absorption du MDN minéralisé par le biofilm. L’incorporation de MDN à de multiples niveaux trophiques souligne l’importance écologique du retour annuel des poissons anadromes pour le maintien de la productivité des réseaux alimentaires d’eau douce. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Chaloner et al. 1265 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 1257–1265 (2002) DOI: 10.1139/F02-084 © 2002 NRC Canada 1257 Received 21 January 2002. Accepted 27 May 2002. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjfas.nrc.ca on 20 August 2002. J16727 D.T. Chaloner1 and G.A. Lamberti. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, U.S.A. K.M. Martin and M.S. Wipfli.2 Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, 2770 Sherwood Lane, Juneau, AK 99801-8545, U.S.A. P.H. Ostrom. Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, U.S.A. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). 2Present address: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1133 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, U.S.A. J:\cjfas\cjfas59\cjfas5908\F02-084.vp Friday, August 16, 2002 10:51:13 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen

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تاریخ انتشار 2002