The Relationship between Appetitive Traits, Dietary Intake and Weight Gain in the Gemini Cohort

........................................................................................................... 13 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. 14 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ 17 LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 1. APPETITE, DIETARY INTAKE AND WEIGHT GAIN IN EARLY LIFE: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................... 20 1.1 Weight gain in early life ................................................................................. 20 1.1.1 Risk factors for childhood obesity ....................................................... 21 1.2 Appetite and childhood weight ....................................................................... 24 1.2.1 Measuring appetite in children ............................................................. 25 1.2.1.1 Behavioural methods .................................................................. 25 1.2.1.1.1 Limitations of behavioural studies in children .................... 27 1.2.1.2 Psychometric methods .............................................................. 27 1.2.1.2.1 Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) ................ 28 1.2.1.2.2 Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) ................. 28 1.2.2 Current evidence for associations between appetite and weight in children ............................................................................................................... 29 1.2.2.1 Behavioural evidence ................................................................. 29 1.2.2.1.1 Food cue reactivity and weight .......................................... 29 1.2.2.1.2 Eating in the absence of hunger and weight...................... 30 1.2.2.1.3 Energy compensation and weight ..................................... 32 1.2.2.2 Psychometric evidence ............................................................... 33 1.3 Appetite and eating behaviour ....................................................................... 37 1.3.1 Measuring dietary intake in children .................................................... 38 1.3.1.1 Food Frequency Questionnaires ................................................ 38 1.3.1.2 24 hour dietary recall ................................................................. 39 1.3.1.3 Doubly Labelled Water (DLW) ................................................... 39 1.3.1.4 Diet diaries................................................................................. 40 1.3.1.5 Evaluation of dietary assessment methods ................................ 40 1.3.2 Defining meal patterns ......................................................................... 41 1.3.3 Current evidence for associations between appetite and eating patterns.. ............................................................................................................. 42 1.4 The role of eating patterns in childhood weight .............................................. 45